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ANOTHER BRILLIANT GEM ADDED 
TO TRENTON'S CONSTELLATION OF 
INTERESTING HISTORIC LANDMARKS 

■d 



2 9-2- 




, THC ST^TY I'OTTS HOI SE. 

Hore Occupied hr Site of St. Mary's Rectorj-, Where President of Continen- 
tal Conerree* Resided, and 'W'liere Colonel Rail Also Died. 




STACY POTTS. 
OTraer of the Honse AV'hlch Figures so ' 
Consplcnonsly in Trenton's His- 
toric Past. 



7 Q., - 



I Dr. Carlos E. Godfrey Estab- 
! lishes the Residence of the 
' President of Continental Con- 
gress While That Body Sat in 
This City — Same House as 
Colonel Rail Died in and Now 
Site of Cathedral Rectory. 

The indefatig-able archc.eologist. Dr. 
Carlos E. Godfrey, having some years i 
ago settled the dlspiite as to where j 
the Continental Congress met in this 
city (fixing the present Mechanics 
Bank property as the site), now sup- 
plements that important achievement 
by bringing to light valuable testi- 
mony related to this same subject 
and of considerable local historic in- 
terest. This is the discovery of irre- 
futable proofs as the place of resi- 
dence of the President of Congress 
while that body was convened in 
Trenton, which up to present has not 
been fixed, except by tradition. Presi- 
dent Richard Henry Lee occupied by 
lease the Stacy Potts dwelling, which 
stood on the ground now occupied by 
the St. Mary's Cathedral rectory on 
North Warren Street, the same dwell- 
ing, by the way, In which Colonel 
Rail, the Hessian commander, expired 
from wounds sustained in the battle 
of Trenton. This particular site, 
therefore, is doubly a landmark In 
the history of the city. Dr. Godfrey 
In the following article details very 
interestingly the features of the 
"earch made by himself with great 
painj to establish the circumstances 
outlined above: 



BY DR. CARLOS E. GODFREY. 

In the annals of Trenton it is doubt- 
ful If any event could have been more 
animating to its citizens than the news 
carried hy post-riders in June, 1784, 
that the Continental Congress had ad- 
journed at Annapolis, Maryland, to 
assemble In Trenton on the thirtieth 
day of the following October. The 
United States of America then pos- 
.sessed no regularly established cap- 1 
itol, and any change m its temporary' 
seat of government was a matter of 
national interest and importance. ! 

The honor of having Congress con- i 
yene in their midst was twice sought 
by Trenton during the previous year 
and failed. In the first instance, when 
Congress had been insulted bv the 
insolent and mutinous conduct of the 
Continental troops stationed in the 
barracks at Philadelphia, the inhab- 
itants of the village of Trenton and 
its vicinity immediately assembled in 
the French Arms Tavern (the present 
site of the Mechanics National Bank) 
on the 2'lth of June, 1783, when they 
expressed their indignation at the out- 
rage perpetrated upon Congress, and 
passed formal resolutions of loyalty 
and confidence in the government of 
the united confederacy. They also 
bade Congress welcome to Trenton, 
and John Coxe. David Brearley, Phil- 
emon Dickinson, Samuel Tucker, Wil- 
liam Churchill Houston and Samuel 
Witham Stockton were appointed a 
committee to convey their expressions 
to the President of Congress — Elias 
Boudinot, a former resident of Prince- 
ton (1). On the following morning 
the chairman of this commitee de- 
li\'erpd the resolutions to President 
Boudinnt. but they were received too 
late, for his Excellency the day before 
had issued his proclamation adjourn- 
ing Congress from Philadelphia to 
meet at Princeton on Thursday of the 
same week. 



In the following fall it became 
noi.sed abroad that New Jersey's lu- 
crative guests were discussing their 
departure from Princeton. The news 
again roused the people of Trenton to 
a more vigorous and determined ef- 
fort to induce Congress to remove to 
their village. On the thirteenth of 
October these inhabitants publicly 
assembled together to formulate 
plans for consummating their pur- 
pose, and at the same time the most 
prominent citizens of the toT\-n volun- 
teered to relinquish their homes en- 
tirely or in part for the entertainment 
of Congress. Those who offered to 
si'rrender their houses ab.soluteiy 
wexe Stacy Potts, George Ely, Alex- 
ander Chambers. David Fink and 
.Jacob G. Bergen; those who tendered 
the.m in part were Samuel Tucker, 
Micajah How, Joseph Higbee, Benja- 
min Smith, William C. Houston. 
Isaiah Tard. Paul Atablie. Conrad 
ICotts, .Tohn Dixon, Peter Hankinson, 
Joseph Milnor, Robert Quigley, Peter 
CroMus, Mary Barnes. Job Moore, 
KIWabeth Horton, John Bell. John 
Jimei and A. Janney; and besides 
these, Moore Furman. Isaac Collins, 
Hugh Runyan and Charity Britton 

offered other facilities in the way of 
oftices and stabling for horses. The 
existing schedule of accommodations 
that were so hospitably extended to 
the congressional delegates, accompa- 
nied with other attractive induce- 
ments (2), proved unavailing, for 
Congress departed from Princeton on 
Novembex 4 to meet at Annapolis on 
the twenty-sixth of the same month, 
in 17S3. 

On Wednesday morning August 25, 
17S4, when the New Jersey Legisla- 
ture was officially informed that the 
Continental Congress was to assejn- 
ble In Trenton, the following pream- 
ble and resolution were introduced 
and adopted by the : ouse, and con- 
curred in by the Council on the after- : 
noon of the. same day (3): I 

"Whereas the Honourable the ' 
Congress, by their Resolution, le 1 
to meet at Trenton, in the State 
of New Jersey, the Thirty-first 
(Thirtieth ?) Day of October 
next, and it being necessary that 
a Dwelling House should be pro- 
cured for the President, and also 
a House for Congress to sit In 
for the Dispatch of Public busi- 
ness. 

'•Resolved, That James Ewing 
and Moors Furman. Esquires, and 
Conrad Kotts. or any two of 
them, be authorized and empow- 
ered to draw from the Treas- 
urer of the State for the Tlm« 
being, such Sum or Sums of 
Money as may be necessary to 
carry the above Purpose into Exe- 
cution, not exceeding Three Hun- 
dred Pounds, tor which they are 
to be accountable, and whose 
Receipt shall be sufficient Vouch- 
ers to the said Treasurer for so 
much of the public Money in the 
Settlement of his Accounts." 




1 



It ia easy to preserve tradition with 
continuity of blood, and through thia 
process the present g-eneration should 
have been familiar with the location 
of these important landmarks, where 
rhe President of the Contlnejital Con- 
gress resided, and where also the 
Congress Itself pursued its delibera- 
tions from November 1 to Deceanber 
24, 1784. I was overwhelmed with 
surprise and astonishment when I 
first saw the conflict of statements 
among local, state and national his- 
torians as to where Congress really 
met in Trejiton. The Inherited pride 
In my native state prompted me to 
enter into one of the most lengthy 
and vpjcatious researches that I ever 
undertook in order to unrave.l a histo- 
rical knot, the magnitude of which 
can only be appreciated by the thor- 
ough historian. In 1905 I was suc- 
cessful in finding the original leases 
and other papers officially approved 
by the commissioners; and on De- 
cember 18, 1906,'' my discovery of the 
place in Trenton where the Continen- 
tal Congress held its sessions was 
publicly announced in the press as 
being In the French Arms Tavern, the 
site now ownejj and occupied by the 
Mechanics National Bank at the 
southwest corner of State and War- 
ren Streets. 

Since this finacial institution has 
recently erected a tablet to commem- 
orate the. Immortal spot where the 
Congress met. the residence of Its 
President should now be announced 
through the original lease, now in my 
possession, which Is In the following 
form : 

"This Indenture made the 
Tn-enty Second Dav of September 
in the year of our Lord one thou- 
sand seven hundred and eighty 
four, by. and between Stacy 
Potts of Trenton in the County 
Of Hunterdon in the State of New 
Jersey of the one Df.rt. and Moore 
Furman and James Eninir Es- 
quires and Conr&d Kotts, all of 
Trenton aforesaid, for, and on be- 
half of the State of New Jersey, 
of the other part. Witnes.=eth 
that the said Stacy Potts, for, 
and in ponsideration ot the Rent 
and Covenants herein reserved 
ana contained, to be paid and n--r- 
formed by the said Moore Fi7r- 
niai:, James Ewing- & Conrad 
Kotts, or by the President of the 
Coneress of the United States ot 
America for the time being, or 
a!iy of them. Hath demised, 
granted, and to form lett. and by 
these Presents doth demise, 
grant, and to form Lett unto 
them the said Moore Furman, 
James Ewirg and Conrad Kotts. 
for the use of the said President 
of the Congress of the L^nited 
States the dwelling House where- 
in the said Stacy Potts now lives 
with the Lott of Land and Garden 
adjoining thereunto and also the 
Hay House nearly full of very 
good Hay with the stables on 
each side thereof together with a 
tenplate Stove belonging to the 
front part of the said House the 
outside the said House to be well 



Painted at the expence of the 
said St.3cy Potts To Have and to 
hold the said dwellins House Gar- 
den and Stables from the thlr- 
tietli Day of Ortober next for and 
during the full end and term of 
one vear fully to be compleat and 
ended Reserving the use ot the 
Road as it now goes to the Tan- 
yard and so much of the Lott .as 
Samuel Phillips raav have ocoation 
for ad.ioining his Shop And the 
said Moore Furman James Sw- 
ing and Conrad Kotts dotli cov- 
enant promise and agree to ana 
with the said Stacy Potts his 
Heirs and Asslsrs by these pres- 
ents that they will Paint the inside 
ot the said House and Paper so 
much thereof as may be necessai-y 
and make all such repairs alter- 
ations and amendments to the 
premise-, as may be useful and 
convenient for ^he said President 
and Ms Familv to be well ac- 
comodated without any trouble or 
. exience to him the said Stacy 
Potts his Heirs or. Assigns \nd 
also that they the said Moore 

Furman James Ewing and Conrad 
Kotts or the Treasurer of this 
State or of the United States shall 
pay unto the said Stacy Potts his 
Heirs or Assigns the sum of one 
hundred and fiftv Pounds in cur- 
rent Gold or Silver Money in the 
following manner that is to say 
the sum of fifty Pounds on the 
first Day of November next and 
the like sum of fiftv Pounds on 
or before the first Day of May 
next and the remaining fifty 
Pounds at the expiration of the 
said term when they the said 
Moore Furman James Ewing and 
Conrad Kotts engage to surrender 
and deliver up the said House 
Lott Garden and Stables with all 
and every of the appurtenances 
In good order and repair -unto hi-n 
the said Stacy Potts his Heirs 
and Assigns but if any of the al- 
terations made for the accomoda- 
tion of the said President and his 
Familv should not be convenient 
for the said Stacy Potts liis Heirs 
or Assigns then thev the said 
Moore Furman James Ewing and 
Conrad Kotts shall put such part 
of the premises Into the like con- 
dition as they are at this time 
without any expence to the said 
Stacy Potts his Heirs or Asslsr-s. 
In Witness whereof the paMles 
aforesaid hath to these presents 
InterchaTigably set their Hands & 
Seals the day above written 

• * * * e 

Stacy Potts • Seal • 

• * « • • 

Sealed & Delivered 
In the Presence of 

Jno. Singer 

John Rozell 

(Endorsed on the baclO 
"Reed. February lath ITSj of 
Mocre Furman Esq the Sum of 
twenty Ave pounds being one 
quarters Rent for the within 
Premises to the first of this 
Month, nnd they not having made 
use of the within mentioned Stal>]c 
or Hay but suffering the same to 
remain in my possession are here- 
bv discharged from the payment 
oi the flrft oayment of fifty 
pounds within mentkned 

Stacy Potts."' 



The dwelling of Stacy Potts, when 
this lease was executed, was located , 
on the west side of Warren Street, 1 
opposite Perry Street, which is now, 
tlie present site of the Rectory of i 
Saint Mary's Cathedral (4). In my , 
judgment there can be no mistake In ' 
this assertion, notwithstanding the; 
tradition entertained by the higher j 
c'ignataries of the Roman Catholic i 
Diocese of Trenton that Stacy Potts' | 
house was situated on the present | 
southeast corner of Warren and 
Perry Streets. If this tradition is i 
'.rue. the tablet now erected on the | 
rectory announcing the site where i 
Colonel Rail died is in the wrong | 
j^ew, for it is universally conceded, 
in history that he died in the dwelling 
owned and occupied by Stacy Potts 
in 1776. ■ I 

To further sustain tnv contention, ' 
it will be observed in the description 
of the property which follows, made 
by the State Commissioners in Jan-, 
uary, 17S5, that the lot in the rear of 
the dwelling of Stacy Potts was pene- i 
t! ated "with a stream of water run- < 
r.ing through it." This stream can 
be none other than Petty's run, which 
we all know ran immediately west of 
Warren Street, at the point where i 
Perry Street now enters it. This, of 
Itself, necessarily eliminates the tra- 
dition referred to from all question of 
aoubt. 

The only attempt to locate the of- 
fcial residence of the President of the' 
Continental Congress in the Potts- : 
House was that made by the late ; 
General William S. Stryker in 1S93, ' 
in his monograph of "Trenton One 
Hundred Years Ago," wherein he said, ; 
on page 9: "After the close of the j 
v.-ar it was occupied by the President 
of the Continental Congress." In the ■ 
rame pamphlet, however, page 13, the' 
General further said. referring 
to the old courthouse which is now j 
the site of the Trenton Banking | 
Company on Warren below State 
Street: "In 1784 the Continental 
Congress met in this building." It j 
is evident that both of these re- 1 
marks were based on tradition. The! 
former statemenc is very indefinite ' 
and vague, and on Its face is entitled | 
10 no more credit than the latter one. 
which I disproved by the production 
of documentary evidence. The mem- 
oranda reference to the Potts lease 
contained in Hall's "History of the 
Presbyterian Church in Trenton." 
second edition, page 334. note 6, is an 
extract which I permitted the late 
Rev. Dr. Walter A. Brooks to make 
from the original lease in my pos- 
session in December, 1906. In view 
cf these circumstances I claim the ; 
discovery of the, house occupied by 
the President ot Congress in 1784 by 
producing documentary evidence of 
the fact, found in 1905 and withheld 
until this time for reasons hereto- , 



fore given. 

The home of Stacy Potts in 1784 
was one. of the largest and hest ap 
[lointed houses in Trenton. It was 
a frame structure, two and a halt 
stories high, and contemporaneously 
described as being "42 by 33 Feet, 
two Stories, ten Rooms 6 with Fire- 
places — a. Kitchen^and Stabling for 
C Horse.s" (5). The description of 
the property was otherwise illus- 
tiiated m the following text: "The 
house is two stories high, spacious 
and elegant, having tltree rooms with 
fireplaces, besides a large diningroom 
with two fireplaces, on the lower 
floor. Ave rooms on the second floor, 
8 large and convenient kitchen, a 
cellar under the whole, a pump at 
the door, a convenient lot. with a 



stream of water running through it, 
and an excellent garden — a stable 
sufficient to contain eight horses, with 
room for hay to keep them" (6). 

The Continental Congress opened 
its sessions at Trenton on Monday, 
the first day of November. 17S4, in 
ihe "long room" of the French Arms 
Tavern. It was a new congress, and 
in the absence of a quorum it did not 
' organize until the 30th of that month, 
when Colonel Richard Henry Lee, of 
Virginia, was chosen its President 
(7). The Colonel was one of the 
seven members present when Con- 
ivress convened. It does not appear 
that he was accompanied by his 
family, for he occupied a single "bed. 
chamber" in the house of Micajah 
Kow (8), situated on the east side 
of Warren street just below St. Mi- 
chael's Episcopal Church. Upon his 
election as President. Colonel Lee oc- 
cupied the offlcial residence provided 
by the commissioners of the New Jer- 
sey Legislature in the sumptuously 
furnished home of Stacy Potts. When 
Congress adjourned on the twenty- 
fourth of December, the President 
retained his residence in Trenton un- 
til Wednesday. January 6, 1785 (9), 
v,'hen he departed for New York to be 
present at the assembling of Con- 
gress in that' city on the following 
Tuesday. 

It is stated by Dr. Benjamin Loss- 
ing that Stacy Potts kept a tavern in 
thi.s house at the time Colonel Rail died 
there (10). My personal investiga- 
tions disprove the statemejit, and I 
am supported by other authority (11). 
Stacy Potts was a wealthy gentle- 
man, who owned a large tannery near 
his reeidence on Petty's run, and be- 
fore the. close of the Revolution was 
also one of the proprietors of the first 
steel works erected in America, which 
was then situated on the rear of the 
present reservation of the Old Bar- 
racks (12). On April 11, 1785, he an- 
nounced his intention of settling in 
the "western territory" (13). He re- 
moved to Harrisburg. Pennsylvania, 
where he served as burgess and a 
member of the town council. He 
also served as a member of the legis- 
lature of that state in 1791-1792. and 
again in 1799 to ISOl. Subsequently 
he returned to Trenton, and was 
mayor of the city from 1S06 to 1814, 
where he died on April 28, 1816, In 
the eighty-fifth year of his age (14). 



When the ¥^esident of the Conti- i 
nejital Congress vacated the premises- 
It was immediately advertised for rent 
by the state commissioners for the 
unexpired period of the lease (6) It 
was afterwards advertised to be. sold 
! by Stacy Potts, together with the re- 
niamder of his interests in Trenton 
at public sale on May 10. 1785 (13)' 
Without going into the details, there 
is strong evidence, to sustain the be- 
li_ef that the Potts House was sold in 
1<S5. and immediately converted into 
a tavern known as the City Hotel 
Raum speaks of it in his history of 
Trenton on pages 137 and 158 

Richard Davis and William Scott 
advertised the City Hote.l for sale In 
1S16. by saying in part: "It has long 
been kept as a public house— Is one 




RICH.VRD HEXRY LEE. 

FreJiident of Continental Consrreg* 

When That Bodr Convened 

in Trenton. 

of the first stands in Trenton" (15). 
The location of this tavern is more 
specifically given in a later adver- 1 
tisemejit made by John Van Fleet on , 
December 7, 1838, which stated: "Well 
I declare! Once more reviv'd, the old 
established Trenton City Hotel, oppo- 
site Perry Street" (16). I 



So it appears perfectly clear that 
the Potts-House was located upon the 
ground now occupied by the Rectory 
cf Saint Mary's Cathedral. The site 
is historic. In the second story front 
room of Stacy Potts' dwelling, imme- 
diately to the left of the front door. 
Colonel Rail died on the evening of 
December 27. 1776, from the mortal 
wounds he sustained the day before 
in the. first battle of Trenton (10). An 
Inscription placed upon the front 
walls of the rectory has long since 
denoted It as the spot where the Hes- 
sian commander expired. The his- 
torical interests in the. site would 
new be materially enhanced if the 
scope of the present tablet was en- 
larged so as to commemorate It also 
where the. ofllcial residence of the 
Piesident of the Continental Con- 
gresc stood from November 1, 1784. 
to January 5, 1785. Thus another 
brilliant gem Is added to the constel- 
lation of historic landmarks which 
are now being so rapidly developed in 
the city of Trenton for the reverence 
of the present and ftiture generations. 

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 

1. The Ne.w Jersey Gazette, July 
16, 1783. p. 2: 2. Mss.. Library of Con- ] 
gress; 3. Assembly Journal; 4. Stry- j 
ker — Battles of Trenton and Prince- 

tcn. p. 92; Raum — Historj of Tren- 
ton, pp. 158, 137; Lossing — Field Book 
of the Revolution, Ed. 1860; vol. ii, p. 
21, u. 2, Stryker — Trenton One Hun- 
dred Years Ago, p. 9; Hall — History 
of the Presbytexian Church, Ed. 1912, 
pp. 165, 334, n. 6; 5. Mss., Library of 
Congress; 6. The New Jersey Ga- 
j^ette, January 10, 1785, p. 3; 7. Jour- 
nal of Congress; 8. Ballagh — The 
Letters of Richard Henry Lee, vol. 11, 
p. 296; 9. Ballagh — The. Letters of 
Richard H^nry Lee, vol. 11, p. 321; 10. 
Lossing — Field Book of the Revolu- 
tion, Ed. ISGO. vol. II, p. 21, n. 2; 11. Hi 11 

} — Il-story of the Presbyterian Church, 
Ed. 1912, p. 334, n. 6; 12. State Ga- 
zette, January 1, 1915; 13. The New 

( Jersey Gazette, April 11. 1785; 14. 
Pott.s — Historical Colle.ctlons of the 
Pot's Family, pp. 160, 161; 15, Tren- 
ton P'ederalist. February 5, 1816, p. 3; 
16. State Gazette, December 28, 1838, 
p. 1. 



f ..^. 



DR. GODFREY'S LATEST FIND. 

Tipnton is ripe for one more lilstorlc tablet, 
or for ihe enlargement of one wliich already ex- 
ists. The rectory attached to -St. Mary'.i Cathe- 
drnl on North Warren Street is suitably marl>ied 
as the site of the house In which Colonel Johann 
Gottleib Rail, commander of the Hessians, ex- 
pired after the Battle of Trenton, but it has re- 
mained for Dr. Carlos E. ^Jodfroy to e.<;tabliah 
further that this same house was the one occu- 
pied by Richard Henry Lee, President of the 
Continental Congress during the ses.iions of that 
body in this city in 1784. Inoidentally he h.ns 
cleared up the confusion as to the identification 
of this, particular building: with Stacy Pott's resi- 
dence. . 

An opinion widely entertained has been that 
the scene of Rail's death was a tavern on the 
west aide of Warrer Street, opposite Perry (row 
covered by Stt Mary's rectory) and , that the 
Stacy I'otts honie stood on the southeast corner 
of Warren and Perry Streets. Dr. Godfrey's 
diligent searches have resulted in disproving both 
Ihosi! theories, it bein? made manift.st by him 
that the Potts premises were crossed by a stream 
(Petty's Run) an'd therefore were on the west 
side of Warren Street, and that the conversion 
of the property into a tavern was of subsequent 
date both to the Battle of Trenton and the ses- 
sion of the Continental Congress in Trenton. The 
chief exhibit unearthed by the Doctor, is the 
original lease by which the State of New Jersey 
took over the Potts property for one year for the 
use of the President of Congress, paying there- 
for the sum of £160 or about $400, indicating for 
that period a comfortable, well-appointed house 
and grounds. This lease serves as an Instrument 
to establish the location of the property beyond 
a doubt. 

In another part of today's Times-Advertiser, 
the story of this most Interesting enquiry is told 
by Dr. Godfrey and its perusal, we feel sure, will 
prompt the more complete marking of the site of 
two events that stand out prominently in the 
city's early history. 






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